AMM [2011] Country Guidance
AMM and Others (conflict; humanitarian crisis; returnees; FGM) Somalia CG [2011] UKUT 445 (IAC) established that FGM in Somalia constitutes persecution constituting a serious violation of fundamental rights. This remains the leading country guidance for FGM claims from Somalia.
Prevalence and Enforcement
Somalia has one of the highest FGM prevalence rates globally, exceeding 98% in some communities. Despite formal legal prohibitions in some regions, enforcement is virtually non-existent and social pressure remains overwhelming. Expert witnesses assess regional and clan-specific variations in prevalence and enforcement.
Daughter-at-Risk Claims
Where the appellant has daughters who would face FGM on return, expert evidence addresses family and community pressure, the appellant's ability to protect their daughters, and whether internal relocation would reduce FGM risk. State and community protection is virtually unavailable.